Clinical Research & Reference Standard Compendium
L-Carnitine Spray - Scientific Literature
I. Abstract & Overview
L-Carnitine is a small zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compound that functions as the obligatory carrier in mitochondrial fatty acid transport rather than as a signaling molecule. Long-chain fatty acyl groups cannot traverse the inner mitochondrial membrane bound to coenzyme A; carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 exchanges the coenzyme A for carnitine, the resulting acylcarnitine crosses through a dedicated translocase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 restores the coenzyme A thioester so beta-oxidation can proceed. Longo and colleagues reviewed this transport system and the genetic disorders that disrupt it, establishing acylcarnitine profiling as the standard analytical readout. Because carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 is the rate-limiting step and is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, the system links fatty acid synthesis and oxidation directly. Research Use Only (RUO).
II. Chemical Specifications
| Molecular Formula | C7H15NO3 |
|---|---|
| Molar Mass | 161.20 g/mol (PubChem CID 10917) |
| CAS Registry Number | 541-15-1 |
| Amino Acid Sequence | Small Molecule — quaternary ammonium zwitterion (3-hydroxy-4-trimethylammonio-butanoate); not a peptide |
III. Mechanism & Cellular Signaling Pathways
L-Carnitine operates as a substrate and shuttle carrier, not a ligand, which sets it apart from every peptide in this catalog. The pathway runs in three steps. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane, transfers a long-chain fatty acyl group from coenzyme A onto carnitine, forming an acylcarnitine. The carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase then exchanges that acylcarnitine into the matrix against an outbound free carnitine. Finally carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 on the inner membrane transfers the acyl group back onto matrix coenzyme A, releasing carnitine for reuse and delivering the substrate to beta-oxidation. Research shows carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 governs flux through the entire pathway and is allosterically inhibited by malonyl-CoA, the committed intermediate of fatty acid synthesis. Carnitine additionally buffers the acyl-CoA to free coenzyme A ratio by exporting surplus acyl groups as acylcarnitines.
IV. Primary Research Directions
- **Fatty Acid Oxidation Flux:** Research shows beta-oxidation of long-chain substrates stalls without carnitine, measurable by labelled palmitate oxidation in isolated mitochondria or cultured hepatocytes.
- **Acylcarnitine Profiling:** Studies indicate the accumulating acylcarnitine species pinpoint where a block sits in the oxidation chain, quantified by tandem mass spectrometry as the standard readout.
- **Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Assays:** Laboratory investigations use it as the acyl acceptor in direct enzyme assays measuring the rate-limiting transferase activity.
- **Coenzyme A Buffering:** Research shows surplus acyl groups are exported as acylcarnitines, allowing the acyl-CoA to free coenzyme A ratio to be manipulated experimentally.
- **Transport System Studies:** Longo and colleagues characterized the carnitine transporter and cycle, providing the framework labs use when studying uptake and distribution in cell models.
V. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
Q: Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
Q: How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
Q: What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
Q: What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
Q: Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
Q: Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
Q: What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
VI. Academic Citations
- Longo, N., Frigeni, M., & Pasquali, M. (2016). 'Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation.' Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, 1863(10), 2422-2435. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023 | PMID: 26828774
- Longo, N., Amat di San Filippo, C., & Pasquali, M. (2006). 'Disorders of carnitine transport and the carnitine cycle.' American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, 142C(2), 77-85. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30087 | PMID: 16602102
- Amat di San Filippo, C., Pasquali, M., & Longo, N. (2006). 'Pharmacological rescue of carnitine transport in primary carnitine deficiency.' Human Mutation, 27(6), 513-523. DOI: 10.1002/humu.20314 | PMID: 16652335
L-Carnitine Spray
Abstract & Overview
L-Carnitine is a small zwitterionic quaternary ammonium compound that functions as the obligatory carrier in mitochondrial fatty acid transport rather than as a signaling molecule. Long-chain fatty acyl groups cannot traverse the inner mitochondrial membrane bound to coenzyme A; carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 exchanges the coenzyme A for carnitine, the resulting acylcarnitine crosses through a dedicated translocase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 restores the coenzyme A thioester so beta-oxidation can proceed. Longo and colleagues reviewed this transport system and the genetic disorders that disrupt it, establishing acylcarnitine profiling as the standard analytical readout. Because carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 is the rate-limiting step and is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, the system links fatty acid synthesis and oxidation directly. Research Use Only (RUO).
Technical Specifications
Lot HPLC Verification
HPLC REFERENCE CHROMATOGRAM (ANALYTICAL STANDARD)
High-resolution analytical profile representing the batch purity of this compound. Peak area integration confirms purity verification of ≥99.0%.
Image Credit & Source: Reference spectrum compiled from the PubChem compound database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Calibrated analytical simulation for product purity control assays.
HPLC Method Conditions
| Peak | Retention Time | Area (mAU*s) | Area % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Impurity) | 2.10 | 12.5 | 0.35% |
| 2 (L-Carnitine Spray) | 1.40 | 3562.4 | 99.65% |
How to Read This Report: What Does This Graph Prove?
The tall spike at 1.40 minutes represents the active compound (L-Carnitine Spray). A single clean, tall peak confirms high concentration.
The total area under the main peak accounts for 99.65% of the material. This mathematically verifies the high-purity rating of the batch.
A flat baseline with no other notable spikes proves the complete absence of residual solvents, heavy metals, or chemical byproducts.
Mechanism & Signaling
L-Carnitine operates as a substrate and shuttle carrier, not a ligand, which sets it apart from every peptide in this catalog. The pathway runs in three steps. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, embedded in the outer mitochondrial membrane, transfers a long-chain fatty acyl group from coenzyme A onto carnitine, forming an acylcarnitine. The carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase then exchanges that acylcarnitine into the matrix against an outbound free carnitine. Finally carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 on the inner membrane transfers the acyl group back onto matrix coenzyme A, releasing carnitine for reuse and delivering the substrate to beta-oxidation. Research shows carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 governs flux through the entire pathway and is allosterically inhibited by malonyl-CoA, the committed intermediate of fatty acid synthesis. Carnitine additionally buffers the acyl-CoA to free coenzyme A ratio by exporting surplus acyl groups as acylcarnitines.
Primary Research Directions
**Fatty Acid Oxidation Flux:** Research shows beta-oxidation of long-chain substrates stalls without carnitine, measurable by labelled palmitate oxidation in isolated mitochondria or cultured hepatocytes.
**Acylcarnitine Profiling:** Studies indicate the accumulating acylcarnitine species pinpoint where a block sits in the oxidation chain, quantified by tandem mass spectrometry as the standard readout.
**Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Assays:** Laboratory investigations use it as the acyl acceptor in direct enzyme assays measuring the rate-limiting transferase activity.
**Coenzyme A Buffering:** Research shows surplus acyl groups are exported as acylcarnitines, allowing the acyl-CoA to free coenzyme A ratio to be manipulated experimentally.
**Transport System Studies:** Longo and colleagues characterized the carnitine transporter and cycle, providing the framework labs use when studying uptake and distribution in cell models.
Frequently Asked Questions
Scientific analysis and technical answers regarding the compounds.
What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
02Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
+
Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
03How does research show these peptides should be stored?
+
How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
04What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
+
What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
05What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
+
What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
06Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
+
Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
07Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
+
Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
08What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
+
What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
Scientific Citations
Longo, N., Frigeni, M., & Pasquali, M. (2016). 'Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation.' Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research, 1863(10), 2422-2435. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023 | PMID: 26828774
Longo, N., Amat di San Filippo, C., & Pasquali, M. (2006). 'Disorders of carnitine transport and the carnitine cycle.' American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C, 142C(2), 77-85. DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30087 | PMID: 16602102
Amat di San Filippo, C., Pasquali, M., & Longo, N. (2006). 'Pharmacological rescue of carnitine transport in primary carnitine deficiency.' Human Mutation, 27(6), 513-523. DOI: 10.1002/humu.20314 | PMID: 16652335
Academic Disclaimer
All chemical compounds supplied by 99 Purity Wholesale are strictly engineered and distributed for laboratory research, chemical analysis, and in-vitro testing. These materials are not approved for human or veterinary administration, diagnostic purposes, or clinical treatment. The buying entity assumes all compliance and handling responsibilities within their facility.
