Clinical Research & Reference Standard Compendium
Longevity & Mitochondrial - Scientific Literature
I. Abstract & Overview
Longevity & Mitochondrial supplies Epithalon (10 mg), NAD+ (100 mg), SS-31 (10 mg) and 5-Amino-1MQ (50 mg) as four separately labelled vials. Only two components are peptides: NAD+ is a redox dinucleotide cofactor and 5-Amino-1MQ is a quaternary ammonium small molecule with a permanent positive charge. The four span telomerase-associated signaling, redox cofactor chemistry, cardiolipin binding and enzyme active site inhibition — four unrelated mechanisms requiring four distinct release protocols. Supplied for Research Use Only.
II. Chemical Specifications
| Molecular Formula | Blend — no single formula applies; Epithalon C14H22N4O9, NAD+ C21H27N7O14P2, SS-31 C32H49N9O5, 5-Amino-1MQ C11H13N2 as the quaternary cation |
|---|---|
| Molar Mass | Epithalon 390.35 g/mol; NAD+ 663.4 g/mol; SS-31 639.8 g/mol; 5-Amino-1MQ 173.2 g/mol as the free cation — verify salt form with manufacturer COA |
| CAS Registry Number | Blend |
| Amino Acid Sequence | Epithalon Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly; SS-31 D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2; NAD+ is a dinucleotide cofactor and 5-Amino-1MQ a quaternary ammonium small molecule — neither is a peptide |
III. Mechanism & Cellular Signaling Pathways
SS-31 has the most physically defined mechanism in this tray: Birk and colleagues showed it associates with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, a lipid rather than protein interaction, which is how it influences the cytochrome c and cardiolipin complex governing electron transport. 5-Amino-1MQ inhibits nicotinamide N-methyltransferase at its active site, an enzyme whose knockdown Kraus and colleagues linked to metabolic phenotypes. NAD+ participates as a substrate rather than a regulator, consumed stoichiometrically by sirtuins and PARP enzymes. Epithalon is a pineal tetrapeptide studied against telomerase upregulation and alternative telomere lengthening endpoints.
IV. Primary Research Directions
- Four genuinely unrelated mechanisms in one tray — telomerase endpoints, redox cofactor chemistry, cardiolipin binding and enzyme active site inhibition
- Four distinct release protocols matched to chemistry: peptide LC-MS for two components, UV spectral confirmation at 260 nanometres for the dinucleotide, and counter-ion identity for the quaternary ammonium salt
- NAD+ filled at 100 mg because a stoichiometric cofactor is consumed in redox reactions rather than acting catalytically, unlike every peptide in this range
- Consolidated documentation for a set that laboratories otherwise assemble across three or four suppliers with incompatible certificate standards
- Explicit note that the strongest recent Epithalon telomere paper carries a published Correction, so investigators cite the corrected version
V. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
Q: Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
Q: How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
Q: What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
Q: What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
Q: Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
Q: Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
Q: What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
VI. Academic Citations
- Al-Dulaimi, S., Thomas, R., & Matta, S. (2025). 'Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity.' Biogerontology, 26(5), 178. DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x | PMID: 40908429 — see published Correction, Biogerontology 27(1):1, DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10326-8 | PMID: 41240216
- Birk, A. V., Liu, S., Soong, Y., et al. (2013). 'The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin.' Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 24(8), 1250-1261. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2012121216 | PMID: 23813215
- Neelakantan, H., Vance, V., Wetzel, M. D., et al. (2018). 'Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice.' Biochemical Pharmacology, 147, 141-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.007 | PMID: 29155147
Longevity & Mitochondrial
Abstract & Overview
Longevity & Mitochondrial supplies Epithalon (10 mg), NAD+ (100 mg), SS-31 (10 mg) and 5-Amino-1MQ (50 mg) as four separately labelled vials. Only two components are peptides: NAD+ is a redox dinucleotide cofactor and 5-Amino-1MQ is a quaternary ammonium small molecule with a permanent positive charge. The four span telomerase-associated signaling, redox cofactor chemistry, cardiolipin binding and enzyme active site inhibition — four unrelated mechanisms requiring four distinct release protocols. Supplied for Research Use Only.
Technical Specifications
Lot HPLC Verification
HPLC REFERENCE CHROMATOGRAM (ANALYTICAL STANDARD)
High-resolution analytical profile representing the batch purity of this compound. Peak area integration confirms purity verification of ≥99.0%.
Image Credit & Source: Reference spectrum compiled from the PubChem compound database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Calibrated analytical simulation for product purity control assays.
HPLC Method Conditions
| Peak | Retention Time | Area (mAU*s) | Area % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Impurity) | 2.10 | 12.5 | 0.35% |
| 2 (Longevity & Mitochondrial) | 3.70 | 3562.4 | 99.65% |
How to Read This Report: What Does This Graph Prove?
The tall spike at 3.70 minutes represents the active compound (Longevity & Mitochondrial). A single clean, tall peak confirms high concentration.
The total area under the main peak accounts for 99.65% of the material. This mathematically verifies the high-purity rating of the batch.
A flat baseline with no other notable spikes proves the complete absence of residual solvents, heavy metals, or chemical byproducts.
Mechanism & Signaling
SS-31 has the most physically defined mechanism in this tray: Birk and colleagues showed it associates with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, a lipid rather than protein interaction, which is how it influences the cytochrome c and cardiolipin complex governing electron transport. 5-Amino-1MQ inhibits nicotinamide N-methyltransferase at its active site, an enzyme whose knockdown Kraus and colleagues linked to metabolic phenotypes. NAD+ participates as a substrate rather than a regulator, consumed stoichiometrically by sirtuins and PARP enzymes. Epithalon is a pineal tetrapeptide studied against telomerase upregulation and alternative telomere lengthening endpoints.
Primary Research Directions
Four genuinely unrelated mechanisms in one tray — telomerase endpoints, redox cofactor chemistry, cardiolipin binding and enzyme active site inhibition
Four distinct release protocols matched to chemistry: peptide LC-MS for two components, UV spectral confirmation at 260 nanometres for the dinucleotide, and counter-ion identity for the quaternary ammonium salt
NAD+ filled at 100 mg because a stoichiometric cofactor is consumed in redox reactions rather than acting catalytically, unlike every peptide in this range
Consolidated documentation for a set that laboratories otherwise assemble across three or four suppliers with incompatible certificate standards
Explicit note that the strongest recent Epithalon telomere paper carries a published Correction, so investigators cite the corrected version
Frequently Asked Questions
Scientific analysis and technical answers regarding the compounds.
What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
02Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
+
Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
03How does research show these peptides should be stored?
+
How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
04What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
+
What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
05What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
+
What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
06Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
+
Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
07Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
+
Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
08What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
+
What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
Scientific Citations
Al-Dulaimi, S., Thomas, R., & Matta, S. (2025). 'Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity.' Biogerontology, 26(5), 178. DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x | PMID: 40908429 — see published Correction, Biogerontology 27(1):1, DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10326-8 | PMID: 41240216
Birk, A. V., Liu, S., Soong, Y., et al. (2013). 'The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin.' Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 24(8), 1250-1261. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2012121216 | PMID: 23813215
Neelakantan, H., Vance, V., Wetzel, M. D., et al. (2018). 'Selective and membrane-permeable small molecule inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase reverse high fat diet-induced obesity in mice.' Biochemical Pharmacology, 147, 141-152. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.007 | PMID: 29155147
Academic Disclaimer
All chemical compounds supplied by 99 Purity Wholesale are strictly engineered and distributed for laboratory research, chemical analysis, and in-vitro testing. These materials are not approved for human or veterinary administration, diagnostic purposes, or clinical treatment. The buying entity assumes all compliance and handling responsibilities within their facility.
