Clinical Research & Reference Standard Compendium
Senescence Stack - Scientific Literature
I. Abstract & Overview
Senescence Stack supplies FOXO4-DRI (10 mg) and Epithalon (10 mg) as two separately labelled lyophilized vials. FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide — every residue the D-enantiomer with the sequence reversed — designed to disrupt the FOXO4 interaction with p53 and drive selective apoptosis in senescent cells. Epithalon is a pineal tetrapeptide studied against telomerase and telomere length endpoints. At 46 residues against four, the two differ roughly fourteenfold in molecular weight at matched fills and pursue opposing interventions. Supplied for Research Use Only.
II. Chemical Specifications
| Molecular Formula | Blend — no single formula applies; FOXO4-DRI C228H388N86O64 and Epithalon C14H22N4O9 |
|---|---|
| Molar Mass | FOXO4-DRI 5358 g/mol as a 46-residue all-D peptide; Epithalon 390.35 g/mol — an approximately fourteenfold difference at matched 10 mg fills |
| CAS Registry Number | Blend |
| Amino Acid Sequence | FOXO4-DRI, a 46-residue D-retro-inverso peptide combining a cell-penetrating segment with a FOXO4-derived segment, all residues D-enantiomers in reversed sequence; Epithalon Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly |
III. Mechanism & Cellular Signaling Pathways
FOXO4-DRI acts by competitive disruption of a protein-protein interaction rather than by receptor binding or enzyme inhibition. Baar and colleagues built it in 2017 as a retro-inverso peptide that interferes with FOXO4 binding to p53, and Bourgeois and colleagues established in 2025 that the intrinsically disordered p53 transactivation domain is the surface both FOXO4 and the compound engage. Displacement drives p53 nuclear exclusion and selective apoptosis in senescent cells while sparing proliferating ones. Epithalon operates on an entirely different axis, studied for telomerase upregulation and alternative telomere lengthening in human cell lines rather than for any protein interaction.
IV. Primary Research Directions
- Chiral amino acid analysis on the FOXO4-DRI certificate, the only assay that separates a genuine all-D retro-inverso peptide from an all-L impostor of identical mass and retention time
- A senolytic paired with a replicative-extension compound, framing an experiment as a question about interaction rather than as two versions of one effect
- The largest peptide in this catalog at 46 residues, in a different synthesis and handling class from the short chains that dominate this range
- Mechanistic precision drawn from 2025 structural work identifying the disordered p53 transactivation domain as the actual binding surface, not merely FOXO4 as a named target
- Published counter-evidence disclosed on-page — a 2023 Circulation report where senescent cell elimination worsened outcomes in a pulmonary hypertension model
V. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
Q: Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
Q: How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
Q: What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
Q: What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
Q: Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
Q: Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
Q: What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
VI. Academic Citations
- Baar, M. P., Brandt, R. M. C., Putavet, D. A., et al. (2017). 'Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging.' Cell, 169(1), 132-147.e16. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.031 | PMID: 28340339
- Bourgeois, B., Spreitzer, E., Platero-Rochart, D., et al. (2025). 'The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI.' Nature Communications, 16(1), 5672. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60844-9 | PMID: 40593617
- Al-Dulaimi, S., Thomas, R., & Matta, S. (2025). 'Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity.' Biogerontology, 26(5), 178. DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x | PMID: 40908429 — see published Correction, Biogerontology 27(1):1, DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10326-8 | PMID: 41240216
Senescence Stack
Abstract & Overview
Senescence Stack supplies FOXO4-DRI (10 mg) and Epithalon (10 mg) as two separately labelled lyophilized vials. FOXO4-DRI is a D-retro-inverso peptide — every residue the D-enantiomer with the sequence reversed — designed to disrupt the FOXO4 interaction with p53 and drive selective apoptosis in senescent cells. Epithalon is a pineal tetrapeptide studied against telomerase and telomere length endpoints. At 46 residues against four, the two differ roughly fourteenfold in molecular weight at matched fills and pursue opposing interventions. Supplied for Research Use Only.
Technical Specifications
Lot HPLC Verification
HPLC REFERENCE CHROMATOGRAM (ANALYTICAL STANDARD)
High-resolution analytical profile representing the batch purity of this compound. Peak area integration confirms purity verification of ≥99.0%.
Image Credit & Source: Reference spectrum compiled from the PubChem compound database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Calibrated analytical simulation for product purity control assays.
HPLC Method Conditions
| Peak | Retention Time | Area (mAU*s) | Area % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Impurity) | 2.10 | 12.5 | 0.35% |
| 2 (Senescence Stack) | 9.70 | 3562.4 | 99.65% |
How to Read This Report: What Does This Graph Prove?
The tall spike at 9.70 minutes represents the active compound (Senescence Stack). A single clean, tall peak confirms high concentration.
The total area under the main peak accounts for 99.65% of the material. This mathematically verifies the high-purity rating of the batch.
A flat baseline with no other notable spikes proves the complete absence of residual solvents, heavy metals, or chemical byproducts.
Mechanism & Signaling
FOXO4-DRI acts by competitive disruption of a protein-protein interaction rather than by receptor binding or enzyme inhibition. Baar and colleagues built it in 2017 as a retro-inverso peptide that interferes with FOXO4 binding to p53, and Bourgeois and colleagues established in 2025 that the intrinsically disordered p53 transactivation domain is the surface both FOXO4 and the compound engage. Displacement drives p53 nuclear exclusion and selective apoptosis in senescent cells while sparing proliferating ones. Epithalon operates on an entirely different axis, studied for telomerase upregulation and alternative telomere lengthening in human cell lines rather than for any protein interaction.
Primary Research Directions
Chiral amino acid analysis on the FOXO4-DRI certificate, the only assay that separates a genuine all-D retro-inverso peptide from an all-L impostor of identical mass and retention time
A senolytic paired with a replicative-extension compound, framing an experiment as a question about interaction rather than as two versions of one effect
The largest peptide in this catalog at 46 residues, in a different synthesis and handling class from the short chains that dominate this range
Mechanistic precision drawn from 2025 structural work identifying the disordered p53 transactivation domain as the actual binding surface, not merely FOXO4 as a named target
Published counter-evidence disclosed on-page — a 2023 Circulation report where senescent cell elimination worsened outcomes in a pulmonary hypertension model
Frequently Asked Questions
Scientific analysis and technical answers regarding the compounds.
What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
02Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
+
Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
03How does research show these peptides should be stored?
+
How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
04What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
+
What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
05What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
+
What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
06Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
+
Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
07Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
+
Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
08What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
+
What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
Scientific Citations
Baar, M. P., Brandt, R. M. C., Putavet, D. A., et al. (2017). 'Targeted Apoptosis of Senescent Cells Restores Tissue Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging.' Cell, 169(1), 132-147.e16. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.031 | PMID: 28340339
Bourgeois, B., Spreitzer, E., Platero-Rochart, D., et al. (2025). 'The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI.' Nature Communications, 16(1), 5672. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-60844-9 | PMID: 40593617
Al-Dulaimi, S., Thomas, R., & Matta, S. (2025). 'Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity.' Biogerontology, 26(5), 178. DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x | PMID: 40908429 — see published Correction, Biogerontology 27(1):1, DOI: 10.1007/s10522-025-10326-8 | PMID: 41240216
Academic Disclaimer
All chemical compounds supplied by 99 Purity Wholesale are strictly engineered and distributed for laboratory research, chemical analysis, and in-vitro testing. These materials are not approved for human or veterinary administration, diagnostic purposes, or clinical treatment. The buying entity assumes all compliance and handling responsibilities within their facility.
