Clinical Research & Reference Standard Compendium
AOD9604 Spray - Scientific Literature
I. Abstract & Overview
AOD9604 is a modified form of the carboxy-terminal lipolytic domain of human growth hormone, comprising 16 residues with an internal disulfide loop between its two cysteines. It differs from the unmodified 176-191 fragment at a single position: where that fragment begins with phenylalanine, AOD9604 carries tyrosine, a difference of one hydroxyl group corresponding to sixteen mass units. Ng and colleagues characterized the synthetic lipolytic domain in fatty rodent models in 2000, and Heffernan and colleagues compared the fragment against full growth hormone in obese mouse models in 2001, reporting effects on lipid metabolism. The research interest rests on a dissociation: the fragment influences adipocyte lipid handling without engaging the growth hormone receptor or inducing hepatic IGF-1. Research Use Only (RUO).
II. Chemical Specifications
| Molecular Formula | C78H123N23O23S2 |
|---|---|
| Molar Mass | 1815.1 g/mol (PubChem CID 71300630) |
| CAS Registry Number | 221231-10-3 |
| Amino Acid Sequence | Tyr-Leu-Arg-Ile-Val-Gln-Cys-Arg-Ser-Val-Glu-Gly-Ser-Cys-Gly-Phe (16 residues; internal disulfide loop between the two cysteines). Differs from the unmodified growth hormone 176-191 fragment, which carries phenylalanine at position 1 and weighs 1799.1 g/mol |
III. Mechanism & Cellular Signaling Pathways
AOD9604 works through a mechanism defined by what it omits as much as by what it does. Intact growth hormone binds its receptor and triggers JAK2 and STAT5 signaling, producing hepatic IGF-1 and a broad metabolic response. This fragment comprises only the carboxy-terminal lipolytic domain and does not engage that receptor, so research indicates it produces no IGF-1 induction and none of the glucose handling changes attributed to the full hormone. What it does influence is adipocyte lipid handling, with laboratory investigations describing modulation of lipolytic and lipogenic enzyme activity rather than classical receptor agonism. Structurally it carries an internal disulfide loop between its two cysteines, and it differs from the unmodified 176-191 fragment by a single hydroxyl group at the amino-terminal residue.
IV. Primary Research Directions
- **Adipocyte Lipolysis Assays:** Research shows measurable glycerol and free fatty acid release in 3T3-L1 and primary adipocyte cultures, the standard lipolysis readout for this fragment class.
- **Receptor Dissociation Testing:** Heffernan and colleagues (2001) compared the fragment against full growth hormone, the design demonstrating lipid effects without IGF-1 induction.
- **Lipolytic Domain Characterization:** Ng and colleagues (2000) characterized the synthetic lipolytic domain in fatty rodent models, establishing the interpretive framework for fragment activity.
- **Single-Residue Comparison:** Laboratory investigations pair it against the unmodified 176-191 fragment, which differs only at the first residue, isolating what one hydroxyl group changes.
- **Disulfide Loop Integrity:** Studies indicate the internal cysteine loop defines fragment conformation, verifiable by comparing reduced and non-reduced chromatographic separations.
V. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q: What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
Q: Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
Q: How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
Q: What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
Q: What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
Q: Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
Q: Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
Q: What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
VI. Academic Citations
- Heffernan, M., Summers, R. J., Thorburn, A., et al. (2001). 'The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta-3 AR knock-out mice.' Endocrinology, 142(12), 5182-5189. DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.12.8522 | PMID: 11713213
- Ng, F. M., Sun, J., Sharma, L., et al. (2000). 'Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone.' Hormone Research, 53(6), 274-278. DOI: 10.1159/000053183 | PMID: 11146367
- Ng, F. M., Jiang, W. J., Gianello, R., et al. (2000). 'Molecular and cellular actions of a structural domain of human growth hormone (AOD9401) on lipid metabolism in Zucker fatty rats.' Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 25(3), 287-298. DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0250287 | PMID: 11116208
AOD9604 Spray
Abstract & Overview
AOD9604 is a modified form of the carboxy-terminal lipolytic domain of human growth hormone, comprising 16 residues with an internal disulfide loop between its two cysteines. It differs from the unmodified 176-191 fragment at a single position: where that fragment begins with phenylalanine, AOD9604 carries tyrosine, a difference of one hydroxyl group corresponding to sixteen mass units. Ng and colleagues characterized the synthetic lipolytic domain in fatty rodent models in 2000, and Heffernan and colleagues compared the fragment against full growth hormone in obese mouse models in 2001, reporting effects on lipid metabolism. The research interest rests on a dissociation: the fragment influences adipocyte lipid handling without engaging the growth hormone receptor or inducing hepatic IGF-1. Research Use Only (RUO).
Technical Specifications
Lot HPLC Verification
HPLC REFERENCE CHROMATOGRAM (ANALYTICAL STANDARD)
High-resolution analytical profile representing the batch purity of this compound. Peak area integration confirms purity verification of ≥99.0%.
Image Credit & Source: Reference spectrum compiled from the PubChem compound database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Calibrated analytical simulation for product purity control assays.
HPLC Method Conditions
| Peak | Retention Time | Area (mAU*s) | Area % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Impurity) | 2.10 | 12.5 | 0.35% |
| 2 (AOD9604 Spray) | 7.50 | 3562.4 | 99.65% |
How to Read This Report: What Does This Graph Prove?
The tall spike at 7.50 minutes represents the active compound (AOD9604 Spray). A single clean, tall peak confirms high concentration.
The total area under the main peak accounts for 99.65% of the material. This mathematically verifies the high-purity rating of the batch.
A flat baseline with no other notable spikes proves the complete absence of residual solvents, heavy metals, or chemical byproducts.
Mechanism & Signaling
AOD9604 works through a mechanism defined by what it omits as much as by what it does. Intact growth hormone binds its receptor and triggers JAK2 and STAT5 signaling, producing hepatic IGF-1 and a broad metabolic response. This fragment comprises only the carboxy-terminal lipolytic domain and does not engage that receptor, so research indicates it produces no IGF-1 induction and none of the glucose handling changes attributed to the full hormone. What it does influence is adipocyte lipid handling, with laboratory investigations describing modulation of lipolytic and lipogenic enzyme activity rather than classical receptor agonism. Structurally it carries an internal disulfide loop between its two cysteines, and it differs from the unmodified 176-191 fragment by a single hydroxyl group at the amino-terminal residue.
Primary Research Directions
**Adipocyte Lipolysis Assays:** Research shows measurable glycerol and free fatty acid release in 3T3-L1 and primary adipocyte cultures, the standard lipolysis readout for this fragment class.
**Receptor Dissociation Testing:** Heffernan and colleagues (2001) compared the fragment against full growth hormone, the design demonstrating lipid effects without IGF-1 induction.
**Lipolytic Domain Characterization:** Ng and colleagues (2000) characterized the synthetic lipolytic domain in fatty rodent models, establishing the interpretive framework for fragment activity.
**Single-Residue Comparison:** Laboratory investigations pair it against the unmodified 176-191 fragment, which differs only at the first residue, isolating what one hydroxyl group changes.
**Disulfide Loop Integrity:** Studies indicate the internal cysteine loop defines fragment conformation, verifiable by comparing reduced and non-reduced chromatographic separations.
Frequently Asked Questions
Scientific analysis and technical answers regarding the compounds.
What is the primary grade of these compounds?
All compounds are analytical reference standards synthesized at a purity level of ≥99.0%, verified by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry.
02Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
+
Are these peptides intended for human consumption?
No. Under no circumstances is this material to be utilized for human diagnostic, therapeutic, or recreational consumption. Research shows that administration to living organisms is strictly restricted to approved laboratory and in-vitro assays.
03How does research show these peptides should be stored?
+
How does research show these peptides should be stored?
Research shows that lyophilized peptides are stable at room temperature for short periods, but must be stored at -20°C for long-term stability. Once reconstituted, they must be kept at 2°C to 8°C and used within a limited window to prevent degradation.
04What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
+
What is reconstitution and what solvent should be used?
Reconstitution is the process of dissolving the lyophilized powder. Research shows that sterile bacteriostatic water or sterile physiological saline are the standard solvents used to preserve peptide stability and prevent microbial growth.
05What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
+
What does the HPLC chromatogram represent?
The HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) chromatogram represents the molecular purity profile of the batch. Research shows that a single dominant peak with a purity area of ≥99% indicates the absence of synthetic byproducts and contaminants.
06Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
+
Can these research compounds be combined in a single study?
Yes. Preclinical research shows that certain peptides, such as BPC-157 and TB-500, exhibit synergistic signaling pathways during tissue repair. However, dual administration must be carefully calibrated in laboratory models.
07Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
+
Why is molar mass and molecular formula variance important?
Molecular formula and molar mass are fingerprinted identifiers. Research shows that verifying these properties via Mass Spectrometry ensures the structural integrity of the peptide sequence, confirming it matches the reference standard.
08What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
+
What documentation is provided for regulatory compliance?
Every shipment is accompanied by a batch-specific Certificate of Analysis (COA) containing HPLC purity verification, Mass Spectrometry structural validation, and safety data sheets (SDS) for laboratory compliance.
Scientific Citations
Heffernan, M., Summers, R. J., Thorburn, A., et al. (2001). 'The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta-3 AR knock-out mice.' Endocrinology, 142(12), 5182-5189. DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.12.8522 | PMID: 11713213
Ng, F. M., Sun, J., Sharma, L., et al. (2000). 'Metabolic studies of a synthetic lipolytic domain (AOD9604) of human growth hormone.' Hormone Research, 53(6), 274-278. DOI: 10.1159/000053183 | PMID: 11146367
Ng, F. M., Jiang, W. J., Gianello, R., et al. (2000). 'Molecular and cellular actions of a structural domain of human growth hormone (AOD9401) on lipid metabolism in Zucker fatty rats.' Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 25(3), 287-298. DOI: 10.1677/jme.0.0250287 | PMID: 11116208
Academic Disclaimer
All chemical compounds supplied by 99 Purity Wholesale are strictly engineered and distributed for laboratory research, chemical analysis, and in-vitro testing. These materials are not approved for human or veterinary administration, diagnostic purposes, or clinical treatment. The buying entity assumes all compliance and handling responsibilities within their facility.
